Thursday, October 31, 2013


The Beat Goes On

"I dig rock and roll music/I could really get it on in that scene/I think I could say something if you know what I mean/But if I really say it, the radio won't play it/Unless I lay it between the lines"-- I Dig Rock and Roll Music, Paul Stookey, Jim Mason, Dave Dixon, 1967

Some mornings a song sneaks into your head and just won't go away...

Today, that wicked melody come to bedevil me would be "I Dig Rock and Roll Music", a slightly offbeat tune recorded in 1967 by the folk trio Peter, Paul, and Mary.  The group had been performing together for roughly six years when they took the song into the studio.  PPM was a put-together group, assembled by Albert Grossman, a Chicago-born music act manager who went on to shepherd careers for Bob Dylan, Gordon Lightfoot, and Janis Joplin...


Peter, Paul, and Mary
 

Readers who've heard the song know that I Dig Rock and Roll Music is not rock and roll and not really folk.  It touches the ear more as an homage to Beat Poets and the smoky jazz clubs these renegade rhymers were alleged to frequent by their champions...

"Beatnik", of course, is the word that comes to mind when we think Beat Movement.  The term was coined early in April 1958 by a San Francisco newspaper columnist, Herb Caen, who also popularized "hippie" a decade or so later when he tried to describe the practitioners of another Bay Area lifestyle that aging squares like him couldn’t quite dig or wrap their heads around.  Beats, incidentally, didn't like being called beatniks.  For them, it came across as sounding pejorative...


The Hipster and The Square who "Gets It":
Bob Dylan and Albert Grossman


When Caen got around to marrying "beat" with "sputnik", the Beats had been around for a good decade.  The writer Jack Kerouac used the phrase Beat Generation while talking to novelist John Clellon Holmes in 1948 as he searched for a quick way to describe the way he and his friends viewed the world.  It was an odd comment-- "beat" in the slang of the late 1940s meant a shabby lowlife who didn't quiet make the grade as a serious criminal: a two-bit hustler, a strung out drug addict, a punk who smashes store windows and makes off with cheap display case merchandise...

 
San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen enjoys a visit with
director Alfred Hitchcock during the filming of The Birds


Jack Kerouac saw himself and his fellow Beats as something else entirely.  He wrote In "Aftermath: The Philosophy of a Beat Generation" that he and they were "characters of a special spirituality who didn't gang up but were solitary Bartlebies staring out the dead window of our civilization"...

It's an interesting literary reference for Kerouac to make.  Long before Franz Kafka-- the solitary lawyer who worked for an insurance firm-- wrote melancholy tales about men who turn into cockroaches and find themselves no longer belonging to a world of normal men, Herman Melville penned his account of a clerk employed by a Wall Street attorney who specializes in recording deeds and mortgages.  Bartleby at first seems an ideal worker.  Then, one day the scrivener becomes less productive, eventually transforming into an almost motionless fixture in the office where he once worked.  Attempts to elicit explanations for this odd behavior are met with a simple reply:  "I would prefer not to"...

 
Jack Kerouac: Beat Catholic Mesmerized by Buddhism


Kerouac left this earthly plane in 1969 at the age of 47, so we are unlikely to know just what he meant by the Bartleby metaphor.  On the surface, it is a strange comparison.  Bartleby seems more amoeba than man, a depressive who fills his employer with both loathing and pity.  Jack Kerouac and pals had much more personality than Mr Melville's lowly ledger-scribbler.  The autobiographical On The Road fictionalizes Kerouac as Sal Paradise and friend Neal Cassady as Dean Moriarty as they travel across America from East Coast to West Coast.  There's boozing, womanizing, reefer smoking, gambling, and back alley fighting enough to last poor Bartleby a dozen lifetimes...

The real Sal Paradise was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, a town known for being the Cradle of the Industrial Revolution in America, thanks to the textile mills surrounding it from the 1820s onward.  Jack's dad was the son of a potato farmer who descended from the minor French nobility.  This decline in status and family fortune was never lost on Kerouac who was involuntarily-- but honorably discharged-- from the Army after a few weeks of military service due to signs of schizophrenia.  After that, he signed on to work as a commercial sailor in the Merchant Marine... 

 

Lowell, Massachusetts


By the time Jack Kerouac came into the world in 1922, his Lowell was knee deep in steep economic decline.  Manufacturers tripped on their own feet, almost trampling themselves, as they rushed across the Mason Dixon line to find cheap labor and tax breaks down South.  The Great Depression had turned Lowell, according to a 1931 Harper's Magazine article, a "depressed industrial desert"...

A devout Catholic from his childhood until his death, Kerouac offered other comments about what Beat really meant.  He told an audience at Hunter College in New York in 1958 that "I believe in beatitude and that God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son to it."  Jack's search for deeper meanings weren’t confined to the faith of his youth-- a personal dialogue with Buddhism peeked briefly through his remarks as he went on to speculate "the universe... is one vast sea of compassion, the veritable holy honey, beneath all this show of personality and cruelty".  On another occasion, Kerouac complained critics didn't "get" On The Road was actually the story of two Catholic guys in search of God who found Him "in the sky and on Market Street San Francisco" and understood "the Godhood of God is forever Established and must really never be talked about"...

 

Signet Paperback edition of Kerouac's masterpiece


Buddhist thought heavily influenced other Beats, Allen Ginsberg being one of the most prominent...

Irwin Allen Ginsberg was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1926 on the third day of June.  His father, Louis, taught in public high schools and labeled himself a poet.  His mother, Naomi, suffered from a never properly diagnosed psychological issue and labeled herself a Communist.  Young Allen labeled himself an atheist by the time he turned 14 but was never able to fully distance himself from his Hebraic roots.  When Naomi died in 1956, there were fewer than ten adult Jewish males in attendance at her funeral and the Kaddish prayer was not recited due to the lack of a minyan.  This bothered Ginsberg greatly and his poem Kaddish (written between 1957 and 1959) became, at one and the same time, a memorial to his troubled mother, a manifesto of his estrangement from his heritage, and a masterpiece of Beat literature...

 
Allen Ginsberg, Beat Jew mesmerized by Buddhism, reads from
Howl to fans who were in diapers when he wrote the poem


Ginsberg ultimately embraced Buddhism, perhaps attracted by its teaching that there is no individual self or soul independent of the rest of the Universe.  Or the Eightfold Path may have been a useful guide for navigating the challenges of this lifetime.  We find the beginning of wisdom in viewing reality as it is, Lord Buddha taught us, and not seeing it as it appears to be...

[Another part of Allen Ginsberg's spiritual quest was a journey into Hindu thought, most particularly a cult associated with the Lord Krishna who is an incarnation of Vishnu, the Preserver, the highest aspect of God and the essence of all things created.  Common to both Hinduism and Buddhism is the concept of Maya, or Illusion.  For those consumed by a search for higher truth, the goal becomes to see beyond Maya and to understand there is no distinction between individual self and the Universe, that consciousness and physical matter are one reality.]

 
Albert Grossman's wife, Sally, languidly shares an album
cover with her husband's rebellious young client


Esoteric concepts rarely make for best-sellers nor do they generally appeal to the mass market movie-maker.  When the Beat Movement found its way into bookstores and theaters, the public got Beatniks who smoked dope, indulged in casual sex, listened to jazz played by black musicians, stood on stages as they muttered incoherent poetry to other stoned beatniks who snapped fingers to keep time with the bass player thumping away behind the alleged poet.  Beatniks wore berets and turtleneck sweaters or striped shirts and raggedy jeans (male) or tights (female)...

Similar misperceptions distorted the hippie movement which blossomed from the middle 1960s into the early 1970s.  Hippies endured another plague: young people who wanted to look cool without actually being cool...

 

Beatniks listening to jazz music in their smoke-filled lair


Moviemakers churned out hippie exploitation flicks with titles like The Trip, Hallucination Generation, and Love-Ins to cash in on the money cow.  Long-haired lads, high on marijuana and LSD, hopped from bed to bed, sharing them with willing nymphomaniacs, whenever they weren't plotting a federal courthouse bombing... 

The counterculture played along with the mainstream culture's stereotypes by gobbling up underground "comix" that emphasized sex, drugs, and rock and roll... 


[The undergrounds were generally depressingly misogynous and presented women as not much more than willing or uncooperative receptacles for sperm.  There were other disturbing qualities in these subterranean funnies: graphic depictions of dismemberment and mutilations and an irrational hatred for authority in any form.  In many ways, the Comix were a marriage of the grisly 1950s EC Comics and the 1930s Tijuana Bibles, eight-page comics banned in most states their explicit depictions of sex.  Readers without experience in reading underground comix probably shouldn't feel cheated.]

 
Woodstock: Trying to find The Garden


American pop culture still reverberates with echoes of the Hippie era:   the Woodstock music festival, the critically acclaimed film Easy Rider, the musical Hair celebrating the dawning of the Age of Aquarius.  This is the way we, as a culture, want to remember psychedelic days and the rock scene... 
Nugget, a quality publication for gentlemen, introduced its readers to bottomless beatnik
Dione Garret in April, 1960


The title of Mr Geis' novel says it all

 
Hippie values (or at least the perception of them) crept into other entertainment of the late 1960s and early 1970s.  Sex was usually the selling point.  The avant-garde revue, Oh! Calcutta!, examined changing sexual values but failed to gather love from critics at newspapers like the New York Times.  A rough draft for one of Calcutta's sketches came courtesy of the pen of Beatle John Lennon.  Another who gave his talents to the revue included playwright Samuel Beckett of Waiting for Godot fame.  Arbiters of public taste found Calcutta's humor sophomoric but said its oft nude cast was quite attractive.  In my view, despite my personal desire to be contrary and automatically disagree with critics, this is probably a fairly accurate description...   


Hippies took their name from black slang-- "hip" meaning to be up-to-date and in-the-know.  Some linguists trace hip to hepikat, a word from West Africa's Wolof language that translates to "one who has his eyes open".  Hepikat eventually became the jazz world's hepcat (or hipster) who communicated through slang, enjoyed cannabis now and then, didn't take the world seriously (except when it came to his music), made sarcastic wisecracks, and enjoyed his sex without being chained to a wedding ring...

 

Publicity photo from Oh! Calcutta!


It probably comes as no surprise that the beginnings of the Hippie Movement reflect a certain continuity with the Beat Movement.  Allen Ginsberg and Neal Cassady played important roles in transferring a generational authority from Beats to Hippies.  In fact, Cassady was one of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, a communal living troupe which traveled cross-country in a psychedelic-painted school bus, spreading the joys of LSD into the communities of America's hinterlands as they rolled along...

 
[Kesey may be known to some readers as the author of One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest, a 1962 novel set in a mental hospital.  This story of ill-fated and rebellious Randle McMurphy formed the basis of a 1975 movie of the same name which won all "Big Five" Oscars-- Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best (Adapted) Screenplay.  Kesey based the tale on his experiences as a night shift attendant at the Menlo Park Veterans' Hospital where he participated voluntarily in experiments involving hallucinogenic drugs.]

 
Ken Kesey, Merry Pranksters, and a Psychedelic Schoolbus


Like Beats, Hippies found themselves influenced by Eastern thought.  They were part of that 1960s Trinity of Counterculture Headaches that bedeviled the uptight Establishment and its middle-class conformity-- the New Left and the Civil Rights movement, being the other threats to Decency and Good Order.  Married simultaneously to peace, love (both physically and generically spiritual), expanded consciousness (often via drugs), Hippies celebrated Flower Power and formed the vanguard for anti-war movements challenging US involvement in Vietnam...


Critics and philosophers occasionally ponder the dialectic between the counterculture and the established way of doing business.  Media historians analyze the relationship between mass media and misperceptions of subcultures among the greater society.  I suspect a "square" culture of conformists needs its "hip" counterculture more than the latter needs the former if only for a vicarious life of bad behavior...

 

Official Beatniks Of America Beatnik Beret: Real snazzy,
Man, and made of quality wool by real Frenchmen


That being said, a brief essay on a blog fails miserable to capture the complexity of any counterculture movement like that of the Hippies.  The failure is even greater when one has personal memories which cannot be captured with words or pictures.  But it doesn't matter if a blogger grows old or if his beard is long gray... 


The Beat goes on...            

 
Ernie Bushmiller's Sluggo has an epiphany

 


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CREDITS

Note: Information for this essay is taken primarily from readily available sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia, and almanacs.  When other sources are employed they are credited either in the text or as follows:  None. All photographs are taken from Wikipedia or Google Images without source or authorship credits available, except as noted: Peter Paul and Mary from nosurfmusic.com; Bob Dylan and Albert Grossman from johannasvision.com; Bob Dylan album cover with Sally Grossman from CBS Records; Jack Kerouac with cigarette from mibba.com; On The Road cover from Signet Books; Herb Caen and Alfred Hitchcock from The San Francisco Chronicle; Beatniks in their Lair from tucsoncitizen.com; Beatnik Beret advertisement from freerepublic.com; Allen Ginsberg reads from Howl from futureofthebook.org; Bottomless beatnik Dione Garret from Nugget Magazine, April, 1960